HỌC 600 TỪ VỰNG TOEIC | LESSON 20: INVOICES

Inventory and Adjustments

This lesson focuses on vocabulary related to inventory management and adjustments, along with practical application through exercises.

Vocabulary and Key Points

• Adjustment (n.): The act of changing or modifying something.
  • Synonyms: modification, alteration.
  • Example: "She made some minor adjustments to the contract." (Cô ấy đã thực hiện một vài điều chỉnh nhỏ đối với hợp đồng.)
• Automatically (adv.): Done or happening without conscious thought or direct human control.
  • Example: "The program automatically downloads and installs new updates." (Chương trình tự động tải và cài đặt các bản cập nhật mới.)
• Crucial (adj.): Extremely important or necessary.
  • Synonyms: important, essential.
  • Example: "Her work is crucial to the success of the project." (Công việc của cô ấy rất quan trọng đối với sự thành công của dự án.)
• Discrepancy (n.): A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts.
  • Example: "The board is reportedly unhappy about the discrepancy in the numbers." (Hội đồng được cho là không vui về sự chênh lệch trong các con số.)
• Disturb (v.): To interfere with the normal arrangement or functioning of something.
  • Example: "Please don't disturb your sister; she's trying to do her homework." (Đừng làm phiền chị gái bạn; cô ấy đang cố gắng làm bài tập về nhà.)
• Liability (n.): A thing for which someone is legally responsible.
  • Example: "He denied any liability for damages caused." (Anh ta chối bỏ bất kỳ trách nhiệm pháp lý nào đối với thiệt hại đã gây ra.)
• Reflection (n.): The image of something as reflected by a mirror or other surface; a thoughtful consideration.
  • Example: "The house, decorated beautifully, is a good reflection of their taste." (Ngôi nhà, được trang trí đẹp đẽ, là sự phản ánh tốt về thị hiếu của họ.)
• Run (v.): To operate or manage something.
  • Example: "We ran the computer program, but nothing happened." (Chúng tôi đã chạy chương trình máy tính, nhưng không có gì xảy ra.)
• Scan (v.): To look at all parts of something quickly; to pass a device over a surface to read information.
  • Example: "Scan the newspaper article and note the main points." (Đọc lướt qua bài báo và ghi chú lại những điểm chính.)
• Subtract (v.): To take away a number or amount from another. In business, it can mean to deduct.
  • Example: "Production costs are subtracted from revenue." (Chi phí sản xuất được khấu trừ khỏi doanh thu.)
• Tedious (adj.): Too long, slow, or dull; tiresome or monotonous.
  • Synonym: boring.
  • Example: "I find most forms of exercise to be tedious." (Tôi thấy hầu hết các hình thức tập thể dục đều nhàm chán.)
• Verify (v.): To make sure or prove that something is true or accurate.
  • Example: "These numbers are unusually high and need to be verified." (Những con số này cao một cách bất thường và cần phải được xác minh.)

Exercises and Explanations

Question 1: Word Choice (Parts of Speech)

• Analysis: The sentence requires a verb to complete the clause after "until." The structure "until [subject] [verb] [object]" is expected. The conjunction "and" connects two parallel clauses. The first clause has "are considered" (passive verb). Therefore, the second clause connected by "and" should also have a verb in a similar grammatical structure.
• Options:
  • (A) adjustment (n.)
  • (B) adjust (v.)
  • (C) adjustable (adj.)
  • (D) adjusted (adj./past participle)
• Explanation: The sentence structure "until the store manager [verb] the data from the physical count and [verb] the figures" indicates the need for verbs. Since the first verb is implied to be in the present tense (matching "are considered"), "adjust" (present tense verb) is the correct choice to parallel the implied action.
• Answer: (B) adjust
• Full Sentence Translation: Inventory figures are considered inaccurate until the store manager enters the data from the physical count and adjusts the figures. (Số liệu hàng tồn kho được coi là không chính xác cho đến khi người quản lý cửa hàng nhập dữ liệu từ việc kiểm đếm thực tế và điều chỉnh số liệu.)
• Key Term: Physical count: The process of manually counting all inventory items. (Kiểm đếm thực tế)

Question 2: Adverb Usage

• Analysis: The sentence describes how inventory control can be performed. The verb "performed" is modified by an adverb.
• Options:
  • (A) automatically (adv.)
  • (B) automated (adj.)
  • (C) automation (n.)
  • (D) automate (v.)
• Explanation: The phrase "cannot be performed" requires an adverb to describe the manner of performance. "Automatically" modifies the verb "performed."
• Answer: (A) automatically
• Full Sentence Translation: Inventory control cannot be performed automatically and must be done by physical count. (Việc kiểm soát hàng tồn kho không thể được thực hiện tự động và phải được thực hiện bằng cách kiểm đếm thực tế.)

Question 3: Verb Form

• Analysis: The sentence starts with "Please do not..." which requires a base form of the verb following "do not."
• Options:
  • (A) disturb (v.)
  • (B) disturbing (adj./v-ing)
  • (C) disturbance (n.)
  • (D) disturbed (adj./past participle)
• Explanation: "Do not" is followed by the base form of the verb. "Disturb" is the base form.
• Answer: (A) disturb
• Full Sentence Translation: Please do not disturb the employees while they are counting inventory; they need to concentrate. (Xin đừng làm phiền nhân viên khi họ đang đếm hàng tồn kho; họ cần phải tập trung.)
• Key Term: Concentrate on: To focus one's attention or mental effort on something. (Tập trung vào)

Question 4: Noun Usage

• Analysis: The sentence structure is "A [adjective] [noun] is a good [noun] of..." The phrase "a good ___ of" requires a noun to complete the idiom.
• Options:
  • (A) reflect (v.)
  • (B) reflected (adj./past participle)
  • (C) reflection (n.)
  • (D) reflecting (v-ing/adj.)
• Explanation: The phrase "a good ___ of their taste" requires a noun. "Reflection" is the noun form that fits the context of representing or showing something.
• Answer: (C) reflection
• Full Sentence Translation: Accurate inventory counts are a good reflection of a competent store manager. (Số liệu hàng tồn kho chính xác là sự phản ánh tốt về một người quản lý cửa hàng có năng lực.)
• Key Term: Competent (adj.): Having the necessary ability, knowledge, or skill to do something successfully. (Có năng lực)

Question 5: Noun Usage

• Analysis: The sentence requires a noun after the definite article "the" and before the adjective "barcode."
• Options:
  • (A) scan (v.)
  • (B) scanner (n.)
  • (C) scanned (adj./past participle)
  • (D) scanning (v-ing/n.)
• Explanation: The phrase "the ___ barcode" needs a noun that describes the type of barcode or the action related to it. "Scanner" is the device used to read barcodes. The sentence implies the action of using a scanner.
• Answer: (B) scanner
• Full Sentence Translation: To scan the barcode, you need to place the barcode directly in front of the scanner. (Để quét mã vạch, bạn cần đặt mã vạch trực tiếp trước máy quét.)

Question 6: Conditional Sentence (Type 1)

• Analysis: The sentence describes a condition and its likely result. The structure "If [present simple], [will + base verb]" is characteristic of the first conditional.
• Options:
  • (A) subtract (v.)
  • (B) subtracts (v.)
  • (C) subtracted (adj./past participle)
  • (D) subtraction (n.)
• Explanation: The "if" clause requires the present simple tense. "We subtract" is the correct present simple form for the plural subject "we." The main clause uses "will reflect," which is the correct form for the first conditional.
• Answer: (A) subtract
• Full Sentence Translation: If we subtract damaged goods from inventory, our figures will accurately reflect what we have on hand. (Nếu chúng ta khấu trừ hàng hóa bị hư hỏng khỏi hàng tồn kho, số liệu của chúng ta sẽ phản ánh chính xác những gì chúng ta có trong tay.)
• Key Term: On hand: Available for use or sale. (Sẵn có, có trong tay)

Key Concepts

• Parts of Speech: Understanding the difference between nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs is crucial for sentence construction.
• Sentence Structure: Identifying subjects, verbs, objects, and clauses helps in determining the correct word to fill a blank.
• Conjunctions: Words like "and" and "but" connect similar grammatical elements.
• Conditional Sentences: Recognizing the patterns of different conditional types (e.g., Type 1: If + present simple, will + base verb) is essential for understanding cause and effect.
• Vocabulary in Context: The meaning of a word can change depending on how it is used in a sentence.
• Inventory Management Terms: Specific vocabulary related to counting, adjusting, and managing stock.