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Key Concepts

• National Security Strategy (NSS) of the United States: A new, 33-page document outlining the US's updated approach to foreign policy and national security.
• America First: A core principle emphasizing domestic security, economic self-sufficiency, and resource reallocation to strengthen the US.
• Realism: A new strategic thinking that prioritizes specific US interests in all international partnerships, interventions, and commitments.
• Homeland Security: A primary focus, including border control, reduced illegal immigration, territorial defense, and domestic economic and technological recovery.
• Economic and Technological Self-Sufficiency: A key objective, with emphasis on supply chains, chip competition, and artificial intelligence.
• Rebalancing Economic Relations: A strategy to achieve reciprocity and fairness in economic ties, particularly with China.
• Selective Cooperation and Investment: A shift in focus from crisis management to partnership and investment in the Middle East and Africa, promoting greater regional autonomy.
• Comprehensive Security: An expanded concept encompassing economic stability, supply chain resilience, industrial competitiveness, high-tech security (semiconductors, AI, big data, digital infrastructure), energy security, climate change, and health security.
• Friend-shoring/Near-shoring: A strategy to relocate production to friendly or politically aligned countries, or those with compatible economic systems.
• Selective Technological Decoupling: A targeted approach to separating technology in strategic areas like AI, chips, and quantum computing, rather than a complete separation.
• Tiered Partnership Model: A new approach to alliances, categorizing partners based on their roles in military, technological, and economic/supply chain fronts.
• Burden Sharing: Increased demands on allies, particularly NATO members, to contribute more to collective security and defense spending.
• Strategic Autonomy: The concept of European nations taking more responsibility for their own security.
• Managed Competition: A strategy for dealing with China, focusing on balancing power rather than all-out confrontation.
• Information Warfare and Cyber Security: Areas identified as crucial for future security, though some experts believe the NSS may not fully address them.
• Check and Balance: The US system's inherent ability to self-adjust and balance policies as new issues arise.

New US National Security Strategy: A Shift Towards Domestic Priorities and Pragmatism

The United States has unveiled a new 33-page National Security Strategy (NSS) that marks a significant departure from its long-standing model of broad global engagement. This document, characterized by a strong emphasis on "America First," prioritizes domestic security, economic self-sufficiency, and a pragmatic, interest-driven approach to foreign policy. The strategy signals a move away from a value-based foreign policy towards one rooted in realism, where international commitments must directly serve specific US interests.

Key Pillars of the New Strategy

The NSS revolves around several core themes:

• Prioritizing Homeland Security: A central tenet is the reinforcement of domestic security, encompassing robust border control, a reduction in illegal immigration, and the protection of US territory. This also includes a focus on restoring domestic economic and technological capabilities.
• Economic and Technological Self-Sufficiency: The strategy elevates economic stability, supply chain resilience, and industrial competitiveness as prerequisites for long-term national strength. High-tech sectors such as semiconductors, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and digital infrastructure are identified as strategic assets. Export controls, protection of innovation, and reducing reliance on strategic rivals are integrated into national security logic, moving beyond mere trade policy.
• Rebalancing Global Presence and Resource Allocation: The US intends to adjust its global military presence to prioritize immediate threats and focus on its core interests. The document explicitly rejects the notion of global dominance as outdated. Resources will be reallocated to bolster stability in the Western Hemisphere.
• Pragmatic International Engagement: All international partnerships, interventions, and commitments will be evaluated based on their direct benefit to US interests. This represents a significant shift from a foreign policy previously guided by shared values.

Regional Focus and Strategic Adjustments

The NSS outlines specific approaches to key regions:

• Europe: Described as both important and vulnerable, Europe is recognized for its significant global economic, technological, and cultural resources. However, it faces challenges like migration, civilizational crises, and declining birth rates. The US aims to end the perception and reality of NATO's continuous expansion and expects European allies to assume greater responsibility for their own defense. The strategy also seeks to restore strategic stability with Russia and emphasizes US interests in ending the conflict in Ukraine and facilitating post-conflict reconstruction.
• China: The competition with China is shifting from military conflict to economic and technological confrontation. The focus is on creating a balance of power rather than a comprehensive confrontation. The US reiterates its commitment to a free and open Indo-Pacific region, viewing Beijing as an economic and strategic competitor. The strategy aims to rebalance US-China economic relations, prioritizing reciprocity and fairness.
• Japan and South Korea: These allies are urged to increase their autonomy and share more of the security burden.
• Middle East and Africa: The strategy highlights selective cooperation and investment, shifting from crisis management to partnership and development. Allies in these regions are encouraged to become more autonomous in their security policies.

Expert Analysis and Key Arguments

Experts view the new NSS as a significant repositioning of US security and foreign policy priorities. The implementation of these policies will be crucial in assessing their full impact.

Dr. Đinh Thị Hiền Lương identifies three key shifts in the new strategy:

1. Strategic Pragmatism and Realization: The document emphasizes internal consolidation ("Make America Strong Again") and a re-evaluation of interests, resources, burden-sharing, and ideological values in foreign policy. The US is prepared to adjust commitments if allies do not contribute sufficiently, as evidenced by criticisms of NATO and demands for increased defense spending from European allies.
2. Prioritization of Domestic Politics and Instrumentalization of Foreign Policy: US national interests, particularly those of its economic and technological corporations, are paramount. Supply chains, jobs, and border security are core national security issues. Tariffs are viewed not just as economic tools but as significant security weapons.
3. Concrete Realization of Comprehensive Security: The strategy aims to protect the US and strengthen its security perimeter in the Western Hemisphere to advance its "America First" foreign policy objectives.

Immigration and Border Control: A Central Security Concern

A notable aspect of the new NSS is the tightening of immigration policies and border control, a theme consistently emphasized since the beginning of President Trump's term. This is no longer solely a law enforcement matter but a fundamental shift in how the US approaches national security, diplomacy, and economics.

• Border Security as a Top Priority: The NSS places border security and migration control on par with traditional military threats. The US aims for complete control over its borders, immigration system, and transportation networks to prevent both legal and illegal entry.
• Ending Mass Migration: A strong declaration is made to end the era of mass migration. Border security is deemed a top national security component, essential for protecting the country from uncontrolled immigration, terrorism, drugs, espionage, and human trafficking.
• Stricter Enforcement Measures: The strategy includes measures such as pausing the processing of asylum claims filed within the US, suspending immigration from third-world countries to allow the US system to recover, and ending illegal entries. The US government will revoke citizenship for immigrants deemed harmful to domestic peace and deport any foreign citizens who burden society or threaten security.
• Impact on Immigration Status: The strategy clarifies that immigration status will not be affected unless an individual is a criminal. It also revokes birthright citizenship for those born after May 19th and suspends the US refugee program, arguing that refugee immigration is detrimental to national interests. Individuals considered criminals in their home countries may be deemed a threat to US national interests, potentially leading to permanent exclusion from immigration.

Dr. Hiền Lương elaborates on the immigration policy changes:

• Integrated Security Measures: The US is enhancing both hard and soft security measures, including digital security. Border security is paramount, reflecting a continuity with the Trump administration's policies. New measures include unprecedented controls on personal information, such as requiring social media history checks for visa waiver program participants from 42 countries and suspending immigration processing from 19 high-risk countries. This expands the concept of border defense into the digital realm.
• Differentiated Immigration Policies: The strategy clearly distinguishes between different immigrant groups. While tightening mass immigration, the US will implement policies serving its economic and security interests. The "Gold Card" program, for instance, will grant permanent residency to foreigners who can invest $1 million and pass security checks, targeting individuals with exceptional talent or achievements (EB1/EB2 visas) to retain talent in key sectors like finance and technology.
• Combating Organized Crime: The NSS signals a zero-tolerance policy towards criminal immigrants who pose a threat to US peace. Foreign citizens who burden society or threaten US security will be deported, aligning with the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.

Expanding the Concept of Security

The new NSS broadens the definition of security beyond military strength and territorial defense. Economic stability, supply chain resilience, and industrial competitiveness are now considered critical for maintaining national power.

• Economic Security as a Cornerstone: For the first time in a high-level security document, economics is placed at the center. Economic stability, supply chain resilience, and industrial competitiveness are deemed essential for long-term national strength.
• High-Tech Security: Advanced technologies like semiconductors, AI, big data, and digital infrastructure are identified as crucial security fronts. Export controls, protection of innovation, and reducing reliance on strategic rivals are integrated into national security logic.
• Non-Traditional Security Threats: The strategy incorporates non-traditional security areas:
  • Energy Security: Considered vital amidst geopolitical volatility and the transition to clean energy, emphasizing stable supply, diversified partners, and reduced risks from unstable regions.
  • Climate Change: Explicitly recognized as a security challenge, with extreme weather, food crises, large-scale migration, and social instability viewed as long-term threats to national security.
  • Health Security: Drawing lessons from the global pandemic, the strategy includes health security, emphasizing pharmaceutical and vaccine production capacity and the ability to respond to trans-border health threats as part of national defense capabilities.

Impact on Global Supply Chains and Trade

The expanded security concept has significant implications for global supply chains and trade:

• Weaponization of Tariffs: The NSS utilizes tariffs as a tool for financial self-defense and negotiation leverage. However, this could set a precedent for protectionist trade wars and retaliatory tariffs, negatively impacting free trade principles.
• Restructuring Supply Chains: The strategy may lead to the restructuring of supply chains along allied and partner lines, forming parallel chains (e.g., US and allies vs. China and its partners). While potentially enhancing US economic security in the short term, it could reduce global economic efficiency in the long run. The US favors "friend-shoring" or "near-shoring," relocating production to friendly or politically aligned countries like Mexico, ASEAN, and India, creating opportunities for these nations.
• Selective Technological Decoupling: The US aims to control exports and selectively decouple in strategic technology sectors like AI, chips, and quantum computing, creating high-tech barriers against rivals like China. This could lead to fragmentation of the global technology ecosystem and increased research and development costs.

Technology Competition and Trade Conflicts

The new strategy suggests a more intense technological competition:

• Enduring Competition with China: Despite softer language compared to previous documents, the core objective of containing and pragmatically competing with China remains. The approach is described as more pragmatic and lower-cost.
• Managed Competition and Multi-faceted Containment: The US is shifting from direct confrontation to multi-dimensional and flexible containment through supply chain reorganization and technological blockades. The aim is to reset the rules of engagement, reduce dependence on China in key sectors, and build systems based on US standards in critical technologies.
• Heightened Technological Competition: While not pushing for complete decoupling that forces China into full self-sufficiency, the strategy aims to build higher and deeper walls to protect US industries.

Redefining Alliances and Partnerships

The NSS introduces a tiered partnership model, moving away from the concept of equal allies:

• Differentiated Roles: The US categorizes partners based on their roles in military, technological, and economic/supply chain fronts. This includes military allies (NATO, Japan, South Korea), technology partners (EU, Japan, South Korea), and economic/supply chain partners (India, Mexico, ASEAN).
• Increased Burden Sharing: For treaty allies like NATO, the focus remains on military deterrence and collective defense, but with stricter demands for burden-sharing. NATO members are expected to commit at least 5% of their GDP to defense spending, demonstrating their military role through financial responsibility.
• Expanded Partnerships in Asia-Pacific: Cooperation extends beyond maritime security to strategic technology and economic sectors, including semiconductor supply chain protection and enhancing critical import capabilities. This comprehensive approach aims to compete with rivals in the high-tech era.
• Focus on Like-Minded Partners: The US prioritizes partnerships with nations selected based on their technological capabilities and ideological alignment in future industries, seeking deep cooperation in AI, semiconductors, clean energy, and cybersecurity. This transforms the alliance network into a core strategic advantage in comprehensive competition.
• Potential for Polarization: This tiered and selective approach, while optimizing strategic effectiveness, could lead to some allies feeling devalued and increase polarization.

Transatlantic Relations and European Autonomy

Regarding transatlantic relations, the new strategy uses more direct language, which has caused some friction:

• Direct Demands on NATO: The requirement for NATO members to spend at least 5% of GDP on defense is a significant shift, potentially causing budget and political shocks for many nations.
• European Strategic Autonomy: The US criticism of European immigration policies and internal values has led some European leaders to call for greater strategic autonomy and reduced dependence on the US.
• Evolving Partnership: While Europe and the US remain major trade and security partners, the relationship may evolve towards greater competition rather than purely cooperative engagement.

Opportunities and Challenges for ASEAN

ASEAN is recognized as an economic and supply chain partner for the US, presenting both opportunities and challenges:

• Opportunities:
  • Enhanced Role in Supply Chains: ASEAN can increase its role in global supply chains, attracting technology and investment from the US and multinational corporations as part of the "friend-shoring" model.
  • Expanded Strategic Space: The focus on economics and technology allows ASEAN nations, including Vietnam, to enhance technological cooperation with a wider range of partners.
  • Strategic Balancing: A potential easing of US-China competition could create space for ASEAN to assert its role, enhance strategic autonomy, and leverage the interests of both major powers.
• Challenges:
  • Pressure to Choose Sides: ASEAN nations may face pressure to choose sides in technological competition, potentially limiting cooperation with other tech powers like China or the EU.
  • Tariffs and Protectionism: The "America First" policy could lead to tariffs on ASEAN nations if trade deficits increase, requiring preparedness in production capacity and market diversification.

Conclusion

The new US National Security Strategy signifies a profound adjustment in American security and foreign policy thinking. By prioritizing domestic security, economic self-sufficiency, and a pragmatic, interest-driven approach, the US is redefining its core interests in an unstable world. This shift will reshape America's global role, its relationships with allies and partners, and the dynamics of global strategic competition. The implementation of this strategy, whether flexible or rigid, will be a key determinant of America's continued influence and will present both opportunities and challenges for nations worldwide.