System Ekonomi Konvensional

By Anis Sofyanah

FinanceBusinessEducation
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Key Concepts:

  • Sistem Ekonomi Konvensional (Conventional Economic System)
  • Sistem Ekonomi Kapitalis (Capitalist Economic System) / Liberal
  • Sistem Ekonomi Sosialis (Socialist Economic System) / Etatisme
  • Sistem Ekonomi Campuran (Mixed Economic System)
  • Kekuatan Pasar (Market Forces) / Permintaan dan Penawaran (Supply and Demand)
  • Riba (Usury), Goror (Uncertainty), Maisir (Gambling)

1. Pengertian Sistem Ekonomi Konvensional (Definition of Conventional Economic System)

  • Sistem ekonomi konvensional adalah sistem dalam aktivitas manusia yang berkaitan dengan produksi, distribusi, pertukaran, perolehan, dan konsumsi barang maupun jasa. (Conventional economic system is a system in human activities related to production, distribution, exchange, acquisition, and consumption of goods and services.)
  • Banyak digunakan oleh berbagai negara di dunia, termasuk Indonesia. (Widely used by various countries in the world, including Indonesia.)
  • Memberikan kebebasan penuh kepada setiap orang untuk melaksanakan kegiatan perekonomian. (Gives full freedom to everyone to carry out economic activities.)
  • Pemerintah dapat turut ambil bagian untuk memastikan kelancaran dan keberlangsungan kegiatan perekonomian, tetapi juga bisa tidak ikut campur. (The government can take part to ensure the smooth running and sustainability of economic activities, but it can also not interfere.)

2. Macam-Macam Sistem Ekonomi Konvensional (Types of Conventional Economic Systems)

  • Sistem Ekonomi Kapitalis (Capitalist Economic System):
    • Disebut juga sistem ekonomi liberal. (Also called the liberal economic system.)
    • Ekonomi diatur oleh kekuatan pasar (permintaan dan penawaran). (The economy is regulated by market forces (supply and demand).)
    • Memberikan kebebasan seutuhnya dalam segala bidang perekonomian kepada setiap orang untuk memperoleh keuntungan. (Gives full freedom in all areas of the economy to everyone to obtain profits.)
    • Negara memberikan kebebasan untuk setiap orang untuk memperoleh keuntungan yang mereka inginkan dalam kekuatan pasar tersebut. (The state gives freedom to everyone to obtain the profits they want in the market forces.)
  • Sistem Ekonomi Sosialis (Socialist Economic System):
    • Disebut juga sistem ekonomi etatisme. (Also called the etatisme economic system.)
    • Ekonomi diatur oleh negara. (The economy is regulated by the state.)
    • Jalannya perekonomian sepenuhnya menjadi tanggung jawab negara atau pemerintah. (The running of the economy is entirely the responsibility of the state or government.)
    • Menitikberatkan perhatian pada nilai-nilai sosial kemasyarakatan, kebersamaan, dan kesejahteraan manusia. (Focuses on the social values of society, togetherness, and human welfare.)
    • Berjalan secara bersama-sama, tidak ada perorangan ataupun kelompok yang lebih sejahtera dari yang lain. (Runs together, no individual or group is more prosperous than the other.)
  • Sistem Ekonomi Campuran (Mixed Economic System):
    • Campuran atau perpaduan antara sistem ekonomi liberal dan sistem ekonomi sosialis. (A mixture or combination of the liberal economic system and the socialist economic system.)
    • Mengambil jalan tengah antara kebebasan dan pengadilan. (Takes the middle ground between freedom and justice.)
    • Pemerintah melakukan pengawasan dan pengendalian dalam perekonomian. (The government carries out supervision and control in the economy.)
    • Masyarakat masih diberi kebebasan untuk memenuhi kegiatan ekonomi yang mereka inginkan. (The public is still given the freedom to fulfill the economic activities they want.)
    • Indonesia menerapkan sistem ekonomi campuran. (Indonesia applies a mixed economic system.)

3. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Sistem Ekonomi Kapitalis (Advantages and Disadvantages of the Capitalist Economic System)

  • Kelebihan (Advantages):
    • Setiap individu bebas memiliki alat produksi sendiri. (Each individual is free to own their own means of production.)
    • Kegiatan ekonomi lebih cepat maju karena adanya persaingan. (Economic activity progresses faster due to competition.)
    • Produksi didasarkan kebutuhan bermasyarakat. (Production is based on community needs.)
    • Kualitas barang lebih terjamin. (The quality of goods is more guaranteed.)
  • Kekurangan (Disadvantages):
    • Sulit terjadi pemerataan pendapatan. (It is difficult to achieve income equality.)
    • Rentan terhadap krisis ekonomi. (Vulnerable to economic crises.)
    • Menimbulkan monopoli. (Causes monopolies.)
    • Adanya eksploitasi. (There is exploitation.)

4. Kelebihan dan Kelemahan Sistem Ekonomi Sosialis (Advantages and Disadvantages of the Socialist Economic System)

  • Kelebihan (Advantages):
    • Pemerintah lebih mudah ikut campur dalam pembentukan pasar. (The government can more easily interfere in the formation of the market.)
    • Kebutuhan masyarakat dapat terpenuhi secara merata. (Community needs can be met evenly.)
    • Pelaksanaan pembangunan lebih cepat. (Development implementation is faster.)
    • Pemerintah bebas menentukan produksi sesuai kebutuhan masyarakat. (The government is free to determine production according to community needs.)
  • Kelemahan (Disadvantages):
    • Individu tidak mempunyai kebebasan dalam berusaha. (Individuals do not have the freedom to do business.)
    • Tidak ada kebebasan untuk memiliki sumber daya. (There is no freedom to own resources.)
    • Potensi dan kreativitas masyarakat tidak berkembang. (The potential and creativity of the community do not develop.)
    • Sulit melakukan transaksi tawar-menawar karena tingkat harga ditentukan oleh negara, bukan mekanisme pasar. (It is difficult to carry out bargaining transactions because the price level is determined by the state, not the market mechanism.)

5. Kelebihan dan Kekurangan Sistem Ekonomi Campuran (Advantages and Disadvantages of the Mixed Economic System)

  • Kelebihan (Advantages):
    • Kestabilan ekonomi terjamin. (Economic stability is guaranteed.)
    • Pemerintah dapat memfokuskan perhatian untuk memajukan sektor usaha menengah dan kecil. (The government can focus attention on advancing the medium and small business sector.)
    • Adanya kebebasan berusaha dapat mendorong kreativitas individu. (The existence of freedom to do business can encourage individual creativity.)
  • Kelemahan (Disadvantages):
    • Sulit menentukan batas antara kegiatan ekonomi yang seharusnya dilakukan pemerintah dan swasta. (It is difficult to determine the boundary between economic activities that should be carried out by the government and the private sector.)
    • Sulit menentukan batas antara sumber produksi yang dapat dikuasai oleh pemerintah dan swasta. (It is difficult to determine the boundary between sources of production that can be controlled by the government and the private sector.)

6. Perbedaan Sistem Ekonomi Konvensional dan Ekonomi Islam (Differences between Conventional Economic Systems and Islamic Economics)

  • Tujuan (Objectives):
    • Konvensional: Mendapatkan keuntungan sebesar-besarnya dengan modal sekecil-kecilnya. (To obtain the greatest possible profit with the smallest possible capital.) Menimbulkan ketidakseimbangan alam. (Causes ecological imbalance.)
    • Islam: Membawa kebebasan bagi pelaku ekonomi baik dunia maupun di akhirat. (To bring freedom to economic actors both in this world and in the hereafter.) Aktivitas yang dilakukan senantiasa dapat dipertanggungjawabkan baik pertanggungjawaban sosial maupun pertanggungjawaban terhadap Allah. (Activities carried out can always be accounted for, both social accountability and accountability to Allah.)
  • Konsep Harta (Concept of Wealth):
    • Konvensional: Harta sebagai tujuan utama kehidupan manusia. (Wealth as the main goal of human life.) Harta harus dikumpulkan sebanyak-banyaknya sebagai bekal untuk mendapatkan kebahagiaan sejati. (Wealth must be collected as much as possible as a provision to obtain true happiness.)
    • Islam: Harta dipandang sebagai titipan Allah, bukan sebagai milik mutlak manusia. (Wealth is seen as a trust from Allah, not as absolute human property.)
  • Sistem Pembiayaan (Financing System):
    • Konvensional: Didasarkan pada konsep bunga dan cenderung bebas nilai. (Based on the concept of interest and tends to be value-free.) Investasi atau pembiayaan dapat dilakukan terhadap semua jenis faktor produksi. (Investment or financing can be carried out on all types of factors of production.)
    • Islam: Harus bebas dari unsur riba (usury), goror (uncertainty), dan maisir (gambling). (Must be free from elements of riba (usury), goror (uncertainty), and maisir (gambling).) Dilakukan dengan asas kepastian mengenai bentuk, ukuran, dan status hukumnya. (Carried out with the principle of certainty regarding the form, size, and legal status.)

7. Indonesia dan Sistem Ekonomi Campuran (Indonesia and the Mixed Economic System)

  • Indonesia menerapkan sistem ekonomi campuran karena tidak bisa lepas dari sistem ekonomi liberal. (Indonesia applies a mixed economic system because it cannot be separated from the liberal economic system.)
  • Perekonomian negara masih bergantung pada Amerika Serikat. (The country's economy is still dependent on the United States.)
  • Contoh: Krisis ekonomi global melanda Amerika Serikat, ekspor tekstil Indonesia macet total. (Example: The global economic crisis hit the United States, Indonesia's textile exports came to a complete standstill.)
  • Campur tangan pemerintah sangat diperlukan sebagai negara berkembang. (Government intervention is very necessary as a developing country.)
  • Sistem ekonomi liberal tidak bisa 100% diterapkan di Indonesia karena hanya menguntungkan pemilik modal dan perbankan. (The liberal economic system cannot be 100% applied in Indonesia because it only benefits capital owners and banking.)

Conclusion:

The video provides a basic overview of conventional economic systems (capitalism, socialism, and mixed economy) and contrasts them with Islamic economics. It highlights the key characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of each system, emphasizing the role of government intervention and the importance of ethical considerations in Islamic finance. The discussion of Indonesia's adoption of a mixed economic system underscores the practical challenges of balancing free-market principles with social welfare goals in a developing country context.

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