Python Full Course for free 🐍 (2024)

Key Concepts

• Python Interpreter: Converts Python code to machine code.
• IDE (Integrated Development Environment): Software application providing comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development.
• Variables: Containers for storing data values.
• Data Types: Categories of values (e.g., strings, integers, floats, booleans).
• Type Casting: Converting a variable from one data type to another.
• User Input: Data entered by the user during program execution.
• Arithmetic Operators: Symbols used to perform mathematical operations (+, -, *, /, **, %).
• Math Module: Python module providing access to mathematical functions.
• If Statements: Conditional statements that execute code based on a condition.
• Logical Operators: Operators used to combine or modify conditions (or, and, not).
• Conditional Expressions: Concise way to write if-else statements in one line.
• String Methods: Functions that operate on strings (e.g., len(), find(), replace(), upper(), lower()).
• String Indexing: Accessing individual characters or substrings within a string.
• Format Specifiers: Flags used within f-strings to format values (e.g., .2f, 10, 0).
• While Loops: Loops that execute code as long as a condition is true.
• For Loops: Loops that iterate over a sequence of elements.
• Nested Loops: Loops within loops.
• Collections: Data structures that store multiple values (e.g., lists, sets, tuples, dictionaries).
• Lists: Ordered, changeable collections that allow duplicate values.
• Sets: Unordered, immutable collections that do not allow duplicate values.
• Tuples: Ordered, unchangeable collections that allow duplicate values.
• Dictionaries: Collections of key-value pairs.
• 2D Lists: Lists made up of lists, representing grids or matrices.
• Random Module: Python module for generating random numbers.
• Functions: Reusable blocks of code.
• Arguments: Values passed to a function when it is called.
• Parameters: Variables that receive arguments passed to a function.
• Return Statement: Statement that ends a function and sends a result back to the caller.
• Default Arguments: Default values for function parameters.
• Keyword Arguments: Arguments passed to a function with an identifier (parameter name).
• Arbitrary Arguments: Allowing a function to accept a varying number of arguments (*args, **kwargs).
• Iterables: Objects that can return their elements one at a time.
• Membership Operators: Operators used to test whether a value is in a sequence (in, not in).
• List Comprehensions: Concise way to create lists based on existing iterables.
• Match Case Statements: Alternative to if-elif statements for matching values.
• Modules: Python files containing code to be included in a program.
• Variable Scope: Region of a program where a variable is accessible.
• Scope Resolution: Order in which Python searches for variables (LEGB: Local, Enclosed, Global, Built-in).
• if __name__ == "__main__":: Conditional statement that checks if a script is being run directly.
• Object-Oriented Programming (OOP): Programming paradigm based on objects, classes, inheritance, and polymorphism.
• Objects: Instances of a class, containing attributes and methods.
• Classes: Blueprints for creating objects.
• Attributes: Variables that describe an object.
• Methods: Functions that belong to an object.
• Constructor (__init__): Special method used to initialize objects.
• Inheritance: Mechanism by which a class inherits attributes and methods from another class.
• Multiple Inheritance: Class inheriting from multiple parent classes.
• Multi-level Inheritance: Class inheriting from a parent that inherits from another parent.
• Super Function: Used in a child class to call methods from a parent class.
• Polymorphism: Ability of an object to take on many forms.
• Duck Typing: Determining an object's type based on its methods and attributes rather than its class.
• Static Methods: Methods that belong to a class but do not require access to instance data.
• Class Methods: Methods that operate on class-level data and take cls as the first parameter.
• Magic Methods (Dunder Methods): Special methods with double underscores that are automatically called by Python (e.g., __init__, __str__, __eq__).
• Property Decorator: Allows defining methods as properties with getter, setter, and deleter methods.
• Exception Handling: Process of handling errors and preventing program crashes (try, except, finally).
• File Detection: Determining if a file exists and its type (file or directory).
• File Handling: Reading from and writing to files.
• JSON (JavaScript Object Notation): Lightweight data-interchange format.
• CSV (Comma-Separated Values): File format for storing tabular data.
• Threading: Performing multiple tasks concurrently.
• GUI (Graphical User Interface): Visual interface for interacting with a program.
• Widgets: Building blocks of a GUI (e.g., labels, buttons, text boxes).
• Layout Managers: Tools for organizing widgets within a window (e.g., QVBoxLayout, QHBoxLayout, QGridLayout).
• Signals and Slots: Mechanism for communication between objects in Qt.
• Style Sheets: Used to customize the appearance of widgets using CSS-like properties.
• API (Application Programming Interface): Set of rules and specifications that software programs can follow to communicate with each other.

Main Topics and Key Points

1. Setting Up the Development Environment

• Downloading Python: Download the latest version of the Python interpreter from python.org. On Windows, ensure "Add Python to PATH" is checked during installation.
• IDE Selection: Choose an IDE like PyCharm (beginner-friendly) or VS Code (with the Python extension). PyCharm Community Edition is recommended for its free features.
• Creating a New Project: In PyCharm, create a new project, selecting the latest Python version. Create a new Python file (e.g., main.py) within the project folder.
• Printing to the Console: Use the print() function to display output in the console window. Example: print("I like pizza").
• Comments: Add comments using the # symbol for notes within the code.

2. Variables and Data Types

• Variables as Containers: A variable is a container for a value.
• Data Types:
  • Strings: Series of characters enclosed in double or single quotes (e.g., "Bro").
  • Integers: Whole numbers (e.g., 25).
  • Floats: Numbers with a decimal portion (e.g., 10.99).
  • Booleans: True or False values (e.g., True).
• Variable Assignment: Use the = operator to assign values to variables (e.g., first_name = "Bro").
• F-strings: Use f-strings (e.g., f"Hello {first_name}") to embed variables within strings.
• Boolean Usage: Booleans are often used internally within programs, especially with if statements.

3. Type Casting

• Converting Data Types: Type casting is the process of converting a variable from one data type to another.
• Type Casting Functions:
  • str(): Converts to a string.
  • int(): Converts to an integer (truncates decimal portion).
  • float(): Converts to a float.
  • bool(): Converts to a boolean (empty strings are False, non-empty strings are True).
• Example: Converting GPA to an integer: GPA = int(GPA).

4. User Input

• The input() Function: Prompts the user to enter data and returns the entered data as a string.
• Prompting the User: Add a prompt within the input() function to tell the user what to type (e.g., name = input("What is your name? ")).
• Type Casting User Input: User input is always a string; type cast it to another data type if needed (e.g., age = int(input("How old are you? "))).
• Example: Calculating the area of a rectangle by prompting the user for length and width, then type casting the input to floats.

5. Arithmetic Operators and Math Functions

• Basic Arithmetic Operators:
  • +: Addition
  • -: Subtraction
  • *: Multiplication
  • /: Division
  • **: Exponentiation
  • %: Modulus (remainder of division)
• Augmented Assignment Operators: Shorthand for updating variables (e.g., friends += 1 is the same as friends = friends + 1).
• Built-in Math Functions:
  • round(): Rounds a number to the nearest whole number.
  • abs(): Returns the absolute value of a number.
  • pow(): Raises a base to a given power (e.g., pow(4, 3) is 4 to the power of 3).
  • max(): Returns the maximum value among various values.
  • min(): Returns the minimum value among various values.
• Math Module Functions:
  • import math: Imports the math module.
  • math.pi: The value of pi (π).
  • math.e: The exponential constant (e).
  • math.sqrt(): Returns the square root of a number.
  • math.ceil(): Rounds a number up to the nearest integer.
  • math.floor(): Rounds a number down to the nearest integer.
• Example: Calculating the circumference of a circle using math.pi and user-provided radius.

6. If Statements

• Conditional Execution: If statements execute code only if a condition is true.
• Syntax: if condition:, followed by indented code.
• Else Clause: Executes code if the if condition is false.
• Elif Clause: Checks additional conditions if the initial if condition is false.
• Comparison Operator: == checks if two values are equal.
• Boolean Variables: If statements can directly use boolean variables in place of a condition.
• Example: Checking if a user is old enough to sign up for a credit card based on their age.

7. Calculator Program

• Accepting User Input: Prompts the user to enter an arithmetic operator and two numbers.
• Type Casting: Converts the user's input for the numbers to floating-point numbers.
• If-Elif Statements: Uses if-elif statements to perform the appropriate arithmetic operation based on the user's input.
• Error Handling: Includes an else statement to handle invalid operator input.
• Rounding: Uses the round() function to round the result to a specified number of decimal places.

8. Weight Converter Program

• Accepting User Input: Prompts the user to enter their weight and the unit of measurement (kilograms or pounds).
• If-Elif Statements: Uses if-elif statements to convert the weight to the appropriate unit.
• Conversion Formulas:
  • Kilograms to pounds: weight = weight * 2.205
  • Pounds to kilograms: weight = weight / 2.205
• Error Handling: Includes an else statement to handle invalid unit input.
• Rounding: Uses the round() function to round the result to one decimal place.

9. Temperature Conversion Program

• Accepting User Input: Prompts the user to enter the temperature and the unit of measurement (Celsius or Fahrenheit).
• If-Elif Statements: Uses if-elif statements to convert the temperature to the appropriate unit.
• Conversion Formulas:
  • Celsius to Fahrenheit: temp = 9 * temp / 5 + 32
  • Fahrenheit to Celsius: temp = (temp - 32) * 5 / 9
• Error Handling: Includes an else statement to handle invalid unit input.
• Rounding: Uses the round() function to round the result to one decimal place.

10. Logical Operators

• OR Operator: Checks if at least one condition is true.
• AND Operator: Checks if both conditions are true.
• NOT Operator: Inverts a condition (true becomes false, false becomes true).
• Example: Determining if an outdoor event should be canceled based on temperature and rain.

11. Conditional Expressions

• One-Line If-Else: A concise way to write if-else statements in one line.
• Syntax: return X if condition else return Y
• Example: Assigning a status of "adult" or "child" based on age.

12. String Methods

• len(): Returns the length of a string.
• find(): Returns the index of the first occurrence of a character.
• rfind(): Returns the index of the last occurrence of a character.
• capitalize(): Capitalizes the first letter of a string.
• upper(): Converts all characters to uppercase.
• lower(): Converts all characters to lowercase.
• isdigit(): Returns True if a string contains only digits.
• isalpha(): Returns True if a string contains only alphabetical characters.
• count(): Returns the number of occurrences of a character.
• replace(): Replaces all occurrences of one character with another.
• help(str): Displays a comprehensive list of string methods.
• Example: Validating user input for a username, ensuring it meets certain criteria.

13. String Indexing

• Accessing Elements: Accessing individual characters or substrings within a string using square brackets [].
• Syntax: string[start:end:step]
• Negative Indexing: Accessing characters from the end of the string (e.g., string[-1] is the last character).
• Step: Skipping characters by a given step (e.g., string[::2] is every second character).
• Reversing a String: Setting the step to -1 (e.g., string[::-1]).
• Example: Getting the last four digits of a credit card number.

14. Format Specifiers

• Formatting Values: Flags used within f-strings to format values.
• Syntax: f"The price is {price:.2f}"
• Common Flags:
  • .2f: Decimal point precision (two decimal places).
  • 10: Allocate space (10 characters).
  • 0: Zero padding.
  • <: Left justify.
  • >: Right justify.
  • ^: Center align.
  • +: Display plus sign for positive numbers.
  • : Display space for positive numbers.
  • ,: Thousand separator.
• Example: Formatting prices with decimal precision and a thousand separator.

15. While Loops

• Conditional Execution: While loops execute code as long as a condition is true.
• Syntax: while condition:, followed by indented code.
• Infinite Loops: Ensure there is a way to escape the loop; otherwise, it will run indefinitely.
• continue Keyword: Skips the current iteration of the loop.
• break Keyword: Exits the loop entirely.
• Example: Continuously prompting the user to enter their name until they type something.

16. Compound Interest Calculator

• Accepting User Input: Prompts the user to enter the principal amount, interest rate, and time in years.
• While Loops: Uses while loops to ensure the user enters valid input (e.g., positive numbers).
• Compound Interest Formula: total = principal * (1 + rate / 100) ** time
• Output: Displays the new balance after the specified time.

17. For Loops

• Iterating Over Sequences: For loops iterate over a sequence of elements (e.g., range, string, list).
• Syntax: for variable in sequence:, followed by indented code.
• range() Function: Generates a sequence of numbers.
• reversed() Function: Reverses the order of a sequence.
• continue Keyword: Skips the current iteration of the loop.
• break Keyword: Exits the loop entirely.
• Example: Counting to 10 and printing each number.

18. Countdown Timer

• Importing the time Module: Provides access to time-related functions.
• time.sleep() Function: Pauses the program for a specified number of seconds.
• For Loop: Used to iterate over a range of numbers, counting down from a starting value to zero.
• Calculating Hours, Minutes, and Seconds: Uses arithmetic operators and the modulus operator to calculate the hours, minutes, and seconds from the remaining time.
• String Formatting: Uses f-strings and format specifiers to display the time in a digital clock format.

19. Nested Loops

• Loops Within Loops: A nested loop is a loop found within the code of another loop.
• Outer Loop: The loop on the outside.
• Inner Loop: The loop within the outer loop.
• Example: Printing a rectangle made of a specified symbol, where the outer loop controls the rows and the inner loop controls the columns.

20. Collections (Lists, Sets, Tuples)

• Lists: Ordered, changeable collections that allow duplicate values.
  • Created using square brackets [].
  • Elements can be accessed using indexing (e.g., my_list[0]).
  • Methods: append(), remove(), insert(), sort(), reverse(), clear(), index(), count().
• Sets: Unordered, immutable collections that do not allow duplicate values.
  • Created using curly braces {}.
  • Elements cannot be accessed using indexing.
  • Methods: add(), remove(), clear().
• Tuples: Ordered, unchangeable collections that allow duplicate values.
  • Created using parentheses ().
  • Elements can be accessed using indexing.
  • Methods: count(), index().
• len() Function: Returns the number of elements in a collection.
• in Operator: Checks if a value is in a collection.
• Example: Creating a list of fruits and iterating over it using a for loop.

21. Shopping Cart Program

• Lists for Items and Prices: Uses two lists to store the items in the shopping cart and their corresponding prices.
• While Loop: Continuously prompts the user to enter items until they type "Q" to quit.
• Appending to Lists: Uses the append() method to add items and prices to the lists.
• Calculating the Total: Iterates over the prices list and adds up the total.
• Output: Displays the items in the cart and the total price.

22. 2D Collections

• Lists of Lists: A two-dimensional list is a list made up of lists.
• Accessing Elements: Accessing elements requires two indices (e.g., my_list[row][column]).
• Nested Loops: Used to iterate over the rows and columns of a 2D list.
• Example: Creating a 2D keypad representing a phone number pad.

23. Quiz Game

• Tuples for Questions and Options: Uses tuples to store the questions, options, and answers.
• Lists for Guesses: Uses a list to store the user's guesses.
• For Loops: Used to iterate over the questions and options.
• If Statements: Used to check if the user's guess is correct.
• Calculating the Score: Calculates the user's score as a percentage of correct answers.

24. Dictionaries

• Key-Value Pairs: Dictionaries are collections of key-value pairs.
• Created using curly braces {}.
• Accessing Values: Values are accessed using their keys (e.g., my_dict["key"]).
• Methods: get(), update(), pop(), popitem(), clear(), keys(), values(), items().
• Example: Creating a dictionary of countries and their capitals.

25. Concession Stand Program

• Dictionary for Menu: Uses a dictionary to store the menu items and their prices.
• While Loop: Continuously prompts the user to select items until they type "Q" to quit.
• List for Cart: Uses a list to store the items in the user's cart.
• Calculating the Total: Iterates over the cart and adds up the prices from the menu dictionary.
• Output: Displays the items in the cart and the total price.

26. Random Numbers

• Importing the random Module: Provides access to random number generation functions.
• random.randint(): Returns a random integer within a specified range.
• random.random(): Returns a random floating-point number between 0 and 1.
• random.choice(): Returns a random element from a sequence.
• random.shuffle(): Shuffles the elements of a sequence in place.
• Example: Creating a number guessing game where the computer selects a random number and the user tries to guess it.

27. Rock Paper Scissors Game

• Tuple for Options: Uses a tuple to store the possible choices (rock, paper, scissors).
• Random Choice for Computer: Uses random.choice() to select a random choice for the computer.
• If-Elif Statements: Uses if-elif statements to determine the winner based on the player's and computer's choices.
• While Loop: Allows the user to play multiple rounds.

28. Dice Roller Program

• Importing the random Module: Provides access to random number generation functions.
• Dictionary for Dice Art: Uses a dictionary to store the ASCII art for each die face.
• For Loops: Used to iterate over the dice and print the corresponding ASCII art.
• Random Number Generation: Uses random.randint() to generate random numbers for each die.

29. Functions

• Reusable Code Blocks: Functions are reusable blocks of code.
• Syntax: def function_name(parameters):, followed by indented code.
• Arguments: Values passed to a function when it is called.
• Parameters: Variables that receive arguments passed to a function.
• return Statement: Ends a function and sends a result back to the caller.
• Example: Creating a function to sing "Happy Birthday" and passing in the person's name.

30. Default Arguments

• Default Parameter Values: Default arguments are default values for function parameters.
• Syntax: def function_name(parameter=default_value):
• Flexibility: Allows calling a function with fewer arguments if the default values are sufficient.
• Example: Creating a function to calculate the net price of an item, with default values for discount and sales tax.

31. Keyword Arguments

• Named Arguments: Keyword arguments are arguments passed to a function with an identifier (parameter name).
• Syntax: function_name(parameter1=value1, parameter2=value2)
• Readability: Improves code readability by explicitly stating which argument corresponds to which parameter.
• Order Independence: The order of keyword arguments does not matter.
• Example: Creating a function to generate a phone number, with keyword arguments for country code, area code, and digits.

32. Arbitrary Arguments

• Varying Number of Arguments: Allows a function to accept a varying number of arguments.
• *args: Used to pass a variable number of non-keyword arguments.
• **kwargs: Used to pass a variable number of keyword arguments.
• Example: Creating a function to print a shipping label, accepting both positional and keyword arguments.

33. Iterables

• Objects That Can Be Iterated: An iterable is an object that can return its elements one at a time.
• For Loops: Iterables can be used in for loops to access each element.
• Examples: Lists, tuples, sets, strings, dictionaries.
• reversed() Function: Reverses the order of an iterable.
• end Keyword Argument: Used in the print() function to specify the character to be printed at the end of each line.

34. Membership Operators

• Checking for Membership: Used to test whether a value is in a sequence.
• in Operator: Returns True if a value is in a sequence.
• not in Operator: Returns True if a value is not in a sequence.
• Example: Checking if a letter is in a word.

35. List Comprehensions

• Concise List Creation: A concise way to create lists based on existing iterables.
• Syntax: [expression for variable in iterable if condition]
• Example: Creating a list of doubles from a range of numbers.

36. Match Case Statements

• Alternative to If-Elif: An alternative to if-elif statements for matching values.
• Syntax:

  match variable:
      case value1:
          # Code to execute if variable == value1
      case value2:
          # Code to execute if variable == value2
      case _:
          # Code to execute if no other case matches (default)
  

• Example: Determining the day of the week based on a number.

37. Modules

• Reusable Code Files: A module is a Python file containing code to be included in a program.
• import Keyword: Used to include a module.
• from module import item: Imports a specific item from a module.
• import module as alias: Imports a module with an alias.
• help(module): Displays documentation for a module.
• Example: Creating a module with math-related functions and importing it into another file.

38. Variable Scope and Scope Resolution

• Variable Scope: The region of a program where a variable is accessible.
• Scope Resolution (LEGB):
  • Local: Variables defined within a function.
  • Enclosed: Variables defined in an enclosing function.
  • Global: Variables defined outside of any function.
  • Built-in: Predefined variables and functions in Python.
• Example: Demonstrating how variables with the same name can exist in different scopes.

39. if __name__ == "__main__":

• Checking for Direct Execution: A conditional statement that checks if a script is being run directly.
• Purpose: Allows a script to be run as a standalone program or imported as a module without executing the main body of code.
• Example: Using the statement to call a main() function only when the script is run directly.

40. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

• Objects: Instances of a class, containing attributes and methods.
• Classes: Blueprints for creating objects.
• Attributes: Variables that describe an object.
• Methods: Functions that belong to an object.
• Constructor (__init__): Special method used to initialize objects.
• Example: Creating a Car class with attributes like model, year, and color, and methods like drive() and stop().

41. Class Variables

• Shared Among Instances: Class variables are shared among all instances of a class.
• Defined Outside Constructor: Defined outside the constructor.
• Accessing Class Variables: Accessed using the class name (e.g., Student.num_students).
• Example: Creating a Student class with a class variable to track the number of students created.

42. Inheritance

• Inheriting Attributes and Methods: Mechanism by which a class inherits attributes and methods from another class.
• Syntax: class ChildClass(ParentClass):
• Code Reusability: Reduces code duplication by allowing classes to inherit common functionality.
• Example: Creating Dog, Cat, and Mouse classes that inherit from an Animal class.

43. Super Function

• Calling Parent Class Methods: Used in a child class to call methods from a parent class.
• Syntax: super().method_name()
• Extending Functionality: Allows extending the functionality of inherited methods.
• Example: Creating Circle, Square, and Triangle classes that inherit from a Shape class and using super() to call the parent class's constructor.

44. Polymorphism

• Many Forms: Ability of an object to take on many forms.
• Inheritance: An object can be treated as the same type as its parent class.
• Duck Typing: An object can be treated as a different type if it has the required methods and attributes.
• Example: Creating a list of Shape objects that can contain Circle, Square, and Triangle objects.

45. Static Methods

• Class-Level Methods: Methods that belong to a class but do not require access to instance data.
• @staticmethod Decorator: Used to define static methods.
• Accessing Static Methods: Accessed using the class name (e.g., Employee.is_valid_position()).
• Example: Creating an Employee class with a static method to check if a job position is valid.

46. Class Methods

• Methods That Operate on Class Data: Methods that operate on class-level data and take cls as the first parameter.
• @classmethod Decorator: Used to define class methods.
• Accessing Class Methods: Accessed using the class name (e.g., Student.get_count()).
• Example: Creating a Student class with a class method to calculate the average GPA of all students.

47. Magic Methods (Dunder Methods)

• Special Methods: Special methods with double underscores that are automatically called by Python.
• Examples:
  • __init__: Constructor.
  • __str__: String representation of an object.
  • __eq__: Equality comparison.
  • __lt__: Less than comparison.
  • __gt__: Greater than comparison.
  • __add__: Addition.
  • __contains__: Membership test.
  • __getitem__: Indexing.
• Example: Creating a Book class and defining magic methods to customize how books are printed, compared, and added together.

48. Property Decorator

• Defining Methods as Properties: Allows defining methods as properties with getter, setter, and deleter methods.
• @property Decorator: Used to define the getter method.
• @property_name.setter Decorator: Used to define the setter method.
• @property_name.deleter Decorator: Used to define the deleter method.
• Example: Creating a Rectangle class with properties for width and height, allowing validation and formatting when accessing these attributes.

49. Decorators

• Extending Functionality: A function that extends the behavior of another function without modifying it.
• Syntax:

  @decorator_name
  def function_name():
      # Function code
  

• Example: Creating a decorator to add sprinkles to ice cream.

50. Exception Handling

• Handling Errors: Process of handling errors and preventing program crashes.
• try Block: Contains code that might raise an exception.
• except Block: Contains code to handle a specific exception.
• finally Block: Contains code that always executes, regardless of whether an exception occurred.
• Example: Handling ZeroDivisionError and ValueError when accepting user input for a number.

51. File Detection

• Checking for File Existence: Determining if a file exists.
• os.path.exists(): Returns True if a file or directory exists.
• os.path.isfile(): Returns True if a path is a file.
• os.path.isdir(): Returns True if a path is a directory.
• Example: Checking if a file exists before attempting to read it.

52. File Handling (Writing)

• Opening Files for Writing: Using the open() function with the "w" mode.
• with Statement: Ensures that the file is closed automatically after use.
• file.write() Method: Writes data to a file.
• JSON Output: Using the json.dump() method to write JSON data to a file.
• CSV Output: Using the csv.writer() method to write CSV data to a file.
• Example: Writing a list of employees to a text file, a dictionary to a JSON file, and a list of lists to a CSV file.

53. File Handling (Reading)

• Opening Files for Reading: Using the open() function with the "r" mode.
• file.read() Method: Reads the entire contents of a file into a string.
• JSON Input: Using the json.load() method to read JSON data from a file.
• CSV Input: Using the csv.reader() method to read CSV data from a file.
• Example: Reading the contents of a text file, a JSON file, and a CSV file.

54. Date and Time

• Importing the datetime Module: Provides access to date and time classes.
• datetime.date(): Creates a date object.
• datetime.datetime.now(): Returns the current date and time.
• strftime() Method: Formats a date or time object as a string.
• Example: Creating a program to check if the current date and time has passed a target date and time.

55. Multi-Threading

• Performing Tasks Concurrently: Used to perform multiple tasks concurrently.
• threading.Thread(): Creates a new thread.
• thread.start(): Starts a thread.
• thread.join(): Waits for a thread to