MATERI IPA KELAS 8 : SISTEM EKSKRESI MANUSIA

Key Concepts:

• Sistem Ekskresi (Excretory System)
• Ekskresi (Excretion)
• Defekasi (Defecation)
• Sekresi (Secretion)
• Ginjal (Kidney)
• Kulit (Skin)
• Paru-paru (Lungs)
• Hati (Liver)
• Filtrasi (Filtration)
• Reabsorbsi (Reabsorption)
• Augmentasi (Augmentation)
• Urine Primer (Primary Urine)
• Urine Sekunder (Secondary Urine)
• Urine Sesungguhnya (True Urine)
• Glomerulus
• Tubulus Kontortus Proksimal (Proximal Convoluted Tubule)
• Tubulus Kontortus Distal (Distal Convoluted Tubule)
• Uretra (Urethra)
• Ureter (Ureter)
• Epidermis
• Dermis
• Hipodermis
• Alveolus
• Bronkiolus
• Bronkus
• Diafragma (Diaphragm)
• Glikogen (Glycogen)
• Nefritis
• Batu Ginjal (Kidney Stones)
• Albuminuria
• Hematuria
• Diabetes
• Kanker Ginjal (Kidney Cancer)
• Scabies
• Biduran (Hives)
• Eksim (Eczema)
• Kanker Kulit (Skin Cancer)
• Asma (Asthma)
• TBC (Tuberculosis)
• Pneumonia
• Hepatitis

1. Introduction to the Excretory System

• The video introduces the human excretory system, emphasizing its role in removing waste products from the body.
• The core competency is analyzing the excretory system in humans, understanding its disorders, and efforts to maintain its health.
• The video poses the question of why the body sweats during physical activity, leading into the discussion of the excretory system's structure and function.

2. Defining Excretion, Defecation, and Secretion

• Ekskresi (Excretion): The process of removing metabolic waste that is no longer useful to the body.
• Defekasi (Defecation): The elimination of waste products from the digestive tract, resulting in feces.
• Sekresi (Secretion): The release of substances, such as hormones, that are still useful to the body.
• The video focuses primarily on the excretory system.

3. Organs of the Excretory System

• The primary organs involved in human excretion are:
  • Ginjal (Kidneys)
  • Kulit (Skin)
  • Paru-paru (Lungs)
  • Hati (Liver)

4. Ginjal (Kidneys)

• The kidneys are the main excretory organs, responsible for filtering waste from the blood.
• Humans have a pair of kidneys, located on the right and left sides of the body.
• Functions of the Kidneys:
  • Filtering metabolic waste from the blood.
  • Maintaining fluid balance in the body.
  • Excreting excess blood sugar.
  • Regulating the balance of acids, bases, and salts in the body.
• Urine Formation Process:
  • Filtrasi (Filtration): Occurs in the glomerulus, where blood is filtered, and waste products are separated to form primary urine.
  • Reabsorbsi (Reabsorption): Takes place in the proximal convoluted tubule, where essential substances are reabsorbed back into the body, resulting in secondary urine.
  • Augmentasi (Augmentation): Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule, where additional waste products are added to form true urine.
  • The urine then passes through the ureter and is expelled via the urethra.

5. Kulit (Skin)

• The skin is the outermost organ, covering the entire body surface.
• Functions of the Skin:
  • Protecting the body from harmful elements.
  • Serving as a sensory organ for touch.
  • Playing a role in excretion.
  • Regulating body temperature.
  • Storing fat.
  • Producing vitamin D.
• Layers of the Skin:
  • Epidermis: The outermost layer, including the stratum corneum, stratum malpighi, stratum venosum, and stratum germinativum.
  • Dermis: The layer beneath the epidermis, containing capillaries, sweat glands, and nerves.
  • Hypodermis: The layer beneath the dermis, consisting of connective tissue and fat storage, providing insulation and protection.

6. Paru-paru (Lungs)

• The lungs are located in the chest cavity, protected by the rib cage.
• The alveoli within the lungs are the site of gas exchange between oxygen and carbon dioxide.
• Components of the Lungs:
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
  • Bronchus
  • Diaphragm

7. Hati (Liver)

• The liver is a single organ located in the upper right abdomen, beneath the rib cage.
• It weighs between 1.5 to 2 kilograms, making it the largest organ in the body.
• Functions of the Liver:
  • Neutralizing toxins.
  • Producing bile to emulsify fats.
  • Storing glucose in the form of glycogen.
  • Converting provitamin A into vitamin A.

8. Gangguan pada Sistem Ekskresi (Disorders of the Excretory System)

• Ginjal (Kidneys):
  • Nefritis: Inflammation of the kidneys caused by streptococcal bacterial infection, treated with dialysis or kidney transplant.
  • Batu Ginjal (Kidney Stones): Formation of calcium salt deposits in the kidneys due to excessive mineral consumption and insufficient water intake; prevented by increasing water intake and limiting salt consumption.
  • Albuminuria: Damage to the glomeruli, leading to protein in the urine; managed by regulating salt and protein intake and adopting a healthy lifestyle.
  • Hematuria: Presence of red blood cells in the urine due to the glomeruli's inability to filter blood cells.
  • Diabetes: Caused by a deficiency in antidiuretic hormone (ADH), leading to elevated blood sugar levels.
  • Kanker Ginjal (Kidney Cancer): Uncontrolled cell growth in the kidneys, leading to cancer.
• Kulit (Skin):
  • Scabies: Characterized by intense itching, especially at night, often occurring in moist areas of the body.
  • Biduran (Hives): Marked by irregular, itchy welts caused by cold air or allergies.
  • Eksim (Eczema): Skin irritation, often on the hands or feet, causing itching and potential infection.
  • Kanker Kulit (Skin Cancer): Caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
• Paru-paru (Lungs):
  • Asma (Asthma): Narrowing of the airways, often hereditary.
  • TBC (Tuberculosis): Caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which damages the lungs and impairs alveolar function.
  • Pneumonia: Infection of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.
• Hati (Liver):
  • Hepatitis: Liver inflammation that can be transmitted through contaminated food, drinks, needles, or blood transfusions.

9. Conclusion

• The video provides a comprehensive overview of the human excretory system, including its components, functions, and common disorders.
• It emphasizes the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle to prevent excretory system problems.
• The video concludes with a reminder to like and subscribe for future content.