Dry Stone Waller: Kaneko Reo - FRONTRUNNERS

Japan's Dry Stone Walls: A Legacy Under Threat & Revival Efforts

Key Concepts:

• Dry Stone Walling (石積み – Ishizumi): A construction technique using stones without any mortar or binding agent.
• Terraced Fields (棚田 – Tanada): Agricultural land sculpted into a series of terraces on slopes.
• Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS): Food systems and landscapes recognized by FAO as having outstanding value.
• "Tsu" (つ): A key concept in dry stone walling referring to the protruding part of a stone that interlocks with the stone below, providing stability.
• Climate Change Impact: Increased heavy rainfall leading to wall collapses.
• Rural Depopulation: Loss of skilled labor and maintenance of traditional structures.

1. The Crisis Facing Japan’s Dry Stone Walls

Japan possesses a vast network of dry stone walls, particularly in mountainous regions like Western Japan, supporting terraced fields crucial for orange cultivation. These walls, some dating back centuries, are integral to the landscape and agricultural heritage. However, they are facing a severe crisis. Approximately 60% of these walls have collapsed or are at risk of collapse, primarily due to increasingly heavy rainfall linked to climate change. The decline in rural populations also contributes to the problem, as fewer people remain to maintain these structures. The city government recognizes the significant loss to the landscape when sections collapse and cannot afford to leave them unrepaired. The walls of the orchards in August 2025 were recognized as a Globally Important Agricultural Heritage System, highlighting their cultural and agricultural significance.

2. The Importance of Traditional Techniques & GIAHS Recognition

Dry stone walling is a traditional technique where stones are carefully arranged without mortar, relying on gravity and interlocking to create strong, durable structures. These walls have supported terraced fields for generations, enabling agriculture on steep slopes. The recognition of these orchards as a GIAHS underscores the importance of preserving this unique agricultural landscape and the associated traditional knowledge. The walls are not merely functional; they are considered an integral part of the Japanese aesthetic and cultural identity. A UNESCO World Heritage interest in Japanese techniques was sparked by their differences from other methods.

3. The "Ishigakko" (Stone School) & Revival Workshops

To address the crisis, initiatives like the "Ishigakko" (Stone School), led by Kinzo, are emerging. These workshops aim to revive the traditional skills of dry stone walling and train a new generation of artisans. Over 2000 people from around the world have participated in these workshops, demonstrating a global interest in this ancient technique. The workshops emphasize practical, hands-on learning, focusing on the fundamental principles of stone selection and placement. Kinzo emphasizes that the core of the stone, not its superficial appearance, is crucial for stability. He has also documented his work, intending to share it with his son, passing on the knowledge.

4. The "Tsu" Principle & Practical Wall Construction

A core principle taught in the workshops is the concept of "Tsu" (つ). This refers to the protruding part of a stone that interlocks with the stone below, creating a stable connection. Stones are stacked at an angle to further enhance stability. The workshops involve practical exercises where participants learn to identify and utilize the "Tsu" to build strong, interlocking walls. A key lesson is selecting stones with a narrower base and a wider "Tsu" for easier stacking. The process involves careful placement, adjusting stones to ensure the "Tsu" is properly engaged, and adding "Guri" (filler stones) to stabilize the structure.

5. Community Involvement & Intergenerational Knowledge Transfer

The revival efforts are not solely focused on technical skills. They also emphasize community involvement and intergenerational knowledge transfer. Participants in the workshops include individuals interested in castle stone walls, those seeking to connect with the landscape, and those wanting to contribute to local revitalization. The workshops provide a platform for experienced artisans to share their knowledge with younger generations, ensuring the continuity of this traditional craft. One participant expressed a desire to become a "pillar" supporting the landscape, highlighting the emotional connection to the land and its heritage. The workshops also provide a sense of purpose and fulfillment for participants, particularly those whose family history is tied to the land.

6. Data & Statistics on Wall Collapse & Workshop Impact

The transcript highlights the alarming statistic that 60% of dry stone walls are collapsed or at risk. The workshops have attracted over 2000 participants from around the world, demonstrating a significant global interest in preserving this technique. The city government acknowledges the substantial loss to the landscape when walls collapse, emphasizing the need for restoration. The success of the workshops is evidenced by the positive feedback from participants and the visible improvements to the restored walls.

7. Perspectives & Notable Quotes

Kinzo states, “直せる技術を持ってる人ほとんどいない。自分がやっ[音楽]ていかないと” ("There are very few people who have the skills to repair them. I have to do it myself."). This highlights the critical shortage of skilled artisans and the urgency of the situation. Another participant remarked, “こんだけ崩れてるのはま、もう無理かなと諦めてたんですけど、先祖から守られてる沈みが修復してもらって本当に感謝でいっぱい” ("I had given up, thinking this was beyond repair, but I am filled with gratitude that the walls protected by my ancestors have been restored."). This illustrates the emotional significance of the walls and the relief felt by local communities when they are restored. A participant also noted, “自然と一体化してるじゃないですけど、もう自分がここの石垣きずっと作ってて、それが多分いこと残るんだなっていうのがもうすごい楽しいですね” ("It's integrated with nature, but I've been building these walls for a long time, and I think that's what will remain, and that's really enjoyable.").

8. Future Outlook & The Stone Garden Competition

The transcript concludes with a sense of optimism and a commitment to continued restoration efforts. The speaker expresses a desire to continue the work "until I die," emphasizing the long-term dedication required to preserve this cultural heritage. The mention of the "Stone Garden Competition" (石甲子園 – Ishikouen) suggests a growing movement to engage younger generations in dry stone walling. The competition aims to provide students with practical skills that can be applied to local restoration projects and community development. The final scene depicts the successful completion of a restoration project and the awarding of a prize, symbolizing the positive impact of these initiatives.

Conclusion:

Japan’s dry stone walls are facing a critical threat from climate change and rural depopulation. However, initiatives like the "Ishigakko" and community-based restoration projects are offering a path towards revival. By reviving traditional techniques, fostering intergenerational knowledge transfer, and engaging local communities, Japan is working to preserve this unique cultural landscape and ensure its sustainability for future generations. The emphasis on the "Tsu" principle, practical workshops, and the emotional connection to the land are key elements in this ongoing effort.