Batas Berlakunya Hukum Pidana dari Segi Tempat_Part. 2

Summary of YouTube Video Transcript:

Key Concepts:

• Asas Teritorialitas (Territoriality Principle)
• Asas Nasionalitas Aktif (Active Nationality Principle) / Asas Personalitas (Personality Principle)
• Asas Nasionalitas Pasif (Passive Nationality Principle) / Asas Perlindungan Murni (Pure Protection Principle)
• Locus Delicti (Crime Scene)
• Double Criminality
• Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Interest)
• Kejahatan Jabatan (Crimes of Office)

Asas Nasionalitas Aktif (Active Nationality Principle)

• Definition: Hukum Pidana Indonesia berlaku bagi setiap warga negara Indonesia (WNI) yang melakukan tindak pidana di luar wilayah Indonesia. The focus is on the person committing the crime, not the location.
• Scope (Pasal 5 KUHP): Not applicable to all crimes. Limited to specific crimes outlined in Bab 1 & 2 Buku Kedua (crimes against state security), Pasal 160-161 (incitement), 240, 279, 450, and 451 KUHP.
• Example (Pasal 160 KUHP): Menghasut (incitement) - publicly inciting others to commit crimes or violence against public authorities.
• Double Criminality Requirement: The act must be a crime under both Indonesian law and the law of the country where it was committed.
• Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Interest): The crime must pose a threat to Indonesian national interests, not merely individual interests. Crimes like theft or assault are generally excluded.
• Subsequent Citizenship: Prosecution is possible even if the accused becomes an Indonesian citizen after committing the crime.
• Pasal 6 KUHP (Limitation on Death Penalty): The death penalty cannot be imposed if the crime is not punishable by death in the country where it was committed.
• Pasal 7 KUHP (Crimes of Office): Indonesian criminal law applies to Indonesian officials who commit kejahatan jabatan (crimes of office) abroad (e.g., accepting bribes, refusing lawful orders).
• Rationale: Undang-undang negara berdaulat senantiasa mengikuti warga negaranya (the laws of a sovereign state always follow its citizens). A sovereign state expects its citizens to obey its laws, regardless of location.

Contoh Kasus (Case Example)

• A, an Afghan citizen, trains Solo youths in terrorism in Afghanistan in 2001 to destabilize Indonesia. In 2002, A visits Indonesia and becomes an Indonesian citizen. In 2003, the trained youths are arrested for terrorism in Jakarta.
• Analysis: A can be prosecuted under Indonesian criminal law because he became an Indonesian citizen after committing a crime that threatened Indonesian national interests.

Asas Nasionalitas Pasif (Passive Nationality Principle)

• Definition: Hukum Pidana Indonesia berlaku terhadap tindak pidana yang menyerang kepentingan hukum negara Indonesia, baik yang dilakukan oleh WNI maupun WNA di luar Indonesia. The focus is on protecting Indonesian legal interests.
• Scope (Pasal 4 KUHP): Applies to anyone (WNI or WNA) committing specific crimes outside Indonesia that harm Indonesian national interests.
• Specific Crimes (Pasal 4 KUHP):
  • Makar (treason) against the President or Vice President (Pasal 104, 106, 107, 108, 131 KUHP).
  • Crimes related to Indonesian currency, banknotes, or government-issued materials and trademarks.
  • Forgery of Indonesian government bonds or debt certificates.
  • Piracy (Pembajakan Laut) and hijacking (Pembajakan Pesawat Udara) (Pasal 438, 447, 479c, 479l, m, n KUHP).
• Kepentingan Nasional Indonesia (Indonesian National Interest): The crime must threaten Indonesian national interests.
• No Double Criminality Requirement: The act does not need to be a crime in the country where it was committed.
• Rationale: To protect national interests from crimes committed abroad, even if those acts are not criminalized in the foreign jurisdiction.
• Example: A foreign national commits treason against the Indonesian President in Thailand. Even if treason is not a crime in Thailand, the perpetrator can be prosecuted under Indonesian law.
• Pasal 8 KUHP (Extension to Maritime Crimes): Indonesian criminal law applies to captains and passengers of Indonesian vessels who commit crimes related to maritime law (kejahatan pelayaran dan pelanggaran pelayaran) outside the vessel.

Persamaan dan Perbedaan (Similarities and Differences)

• Persamaan (Similarities): Both principles aim to protect Indonesian national interests from crimes that threaten or harm them.
• Perbedaan (Differences):
  • Asas Nasionalitas Aktif: The perpetrator must be an Indonesian citizen.
  • Asas Nasionalitas Pasif: The perpetrator's citizenship is irrelevant.
  • Asas Nasionalitas Aktif: Requires double criminality.
  • Asas Nasionalitas Pasif: Does not require double criminality.

Conclusion

The video explains the Active and Passive Nationality Principles in Indonesian criminal law, highlighting their scope, limitations, and underlying rationales. The Active Nationality Principle focuses on the citizenship of the perpetrator and requires double criminality, while the Passive Nationality Principle prioritizes the protection of Indonesian national interests, regardless of the perpetrator's citizenship or the laws of the country where the crime was committed. Both principles serve to extend the reach of Indonesian criminal law beyond its territorial boundaries to protect its interests and citizens.